Systemic disease and eye findings:

Malignant hypertension:

-papilloedema + cotton wool spots

-if pailloedema alone consider other causes

Anaemia/ thrombocytopenia

-all type of retinal h'age (dot-blot, flame shape, boat shape) can occur if Hb<8g/dl, class="Apple-style-span" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="13px" style=" color: rgb(0, 51, 102); line-height: 16px; ">mm³

-combination anaemia and anamia, mostlikely retinal h'ages can occur

Roth's spot (white centered haemorrhages)

-refelx microinfarcts, not specific to bacterial endocarditis.

-other condition that can cause: essential hypertension, viremia, HIV, hypercoagualable state, connective tissue disease, Behchet disease

Chronic hypertension: vessel wall changes

-arteriovenous nicking

-increase light reflexion from the vessel: copper wiring and silver wiring

-increase vessel tortuosity